Review of Related Literature - 1643 Words

Review of Related Literature The review of related literatures of this study is made here in the Philippines and in abroad. It is acquired from the internet and unpublished theses. It is nearly related on the relationship of computer game addiction to interpersonal relationship to adolescents especially, K-12 students. To enrich the background on the subject of the researcher, the literatures that were found are here in presented. A. Foreign Studies Based from the study of Mark Griffiths (2007),â€Å"Does Internet and Computer Addiction Exist? It has been alleged that social pathologies are beginning to surface in cyberspace (i.e., technological addictions). To date, there is very little empirical evidence that computing activities†¦show more content†¦The addict may claim that he or she has lots of friends online yet still experience loneliness, depression, and social isolation due to the lack of in-person contact with others. And lastly, the most common result for those who are addicted to video games is family problem. Although poor family relationships may increase the likelihood of computer game addiction, computer game addiction often leads to family conflict. Someone addicted to computer games may accuse concerned family members of trying to interfere in his or her life, may be verbally or physically aggressive when others attempt to limit game play, and may try to hide just how much he/she plays. According to Rob Cover who studied Gaming (Ad) diction: Discourse, Identity, Time and Play in the Production of the Gamer Addiction Myth. He focuses to the production of an illusory dichotomy between the real and the virtual and a continuing cultural apprehension for activities and entertainments which are not viewed merely as the new but as dangerous by virtue of their representation as virtual. Regina J. J. M. van den Eijnden, Renske Spijkerman, Ad A. Vermulst, Tony J. van Rooij and Rutger C. M. E. Engels (2009), study the effects of escape from self and interpersonal relationship on the pathological use of internet games examines whether Baumeister’s escape from self theory may account for the pathological use of Internet games among KoreanShow MoreRelatedReview of Related Literature668 Words   |  3 PagesReview of Related Literature This section deals with the literature and reading related to the variable of the study. This section also aims to show previous studies of money management which served as the fundamental assumption for the methodology used in the study. Sources of information were taken from the internet, books, journals, magazines, and newspapers. The money management and financial capabilities of CBAE students in the University of Mindanao reading helps the researchers in seeing theRead MoreReview of Related Literature1454 Words   |  6 PagesREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This investigatory project aims to make use of rambutan peeling extracts that is high in phenolic compounds such as tannin and saponin that exhibits antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Although the seeds contain such compounds the peeling exhibit greater amount of the said compounds. Rambutan is a very popular fruit cultivated in the Philippines and it is eaten in large amounts. The rambutans rind is quickly discarded andRead MoreReview of Related Literature3694 Words   |  15 Pageshuman diseases like malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue haemorrhagic fever and yellow fever causing millions of deaths every year [1]. Extensive use of chemical insecticides for control of vector borne diseases has created problems related to physiological resistance to vectors, adverse environmental effects, high operational cost and community acceptance [2]. Numerous plant products have been reported either as insecticides for killing larvae or adult mosquitoes or as repellents forRead MoreReview of Related Literature and Studies1403 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Studies rely on information researched by the proponents. Review of Related Literature In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technologicalRead MoreReview Of Related Literature And Studies1438 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This part of the study contains related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth research of the researcher. Related Literatures come from both Foreign and Local published literatures that became the basis for the researcher to pursue this study. Related Studies come from both Foreign and Local Studies that has relationship or in relation on her study. Foreign Literature Culture-shaping is a methodological and comprehensive approachRead MoreReview Of Related Literature And Studies Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This part of the study contains related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth research of the researcher. Related literatures come from both foreign and local published literatures that became the basis for the researcher to pursue this study. Related studies come from both foreign and local studies that has relationship or in relation on her study. Foreign Literature Culture-shaping is a methodological and comprehensive approachRead MoreReview of Related Literature and Studies1069 Words   |  5 PagesCHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES LOCAL LITERATURE Josefina Estolas in the book Fundamentals of Research (1995). In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technologicalRead MoreReview of Related Foreign Literature1844 Words   |  8 PagesREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies. It contains a review of books and studies on the subject matter conducted here and abroad and their relation to the present research. The researcher looked for a number of foreign and local studies and some related literatures that have either direct or indirect bearing to the study. Foreign Literature Student Retention Policy Department of Special Education, Counseling, and Student AffairsRead MoreReview of Related Literature and Studies3079 Words   |  13 PagesREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Several studies have been conducted here and abroad which have a direct and indirect bearing on the subject to be investigated in this study. A brief review of the related literature and studies are presented hereunder. Literature In the present educational system, studies based on the achievement levels of elementary and secondary students revealed that the equality of education has deteriorated over the years. In a recent UNESCO statistics Barsaga (2000)Read MoreReview Of Related Literature And Studies1921 Words   |  8 PagesCHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Various publications and studies related to the topic being studied were read and analyzed by the researcher to support the claims presented by this study. 2.1 Mobile Robot According to Al-Sahib (2015), the term robot is derived from the Czech word â€Å"robota† which means forced labor. Goris (2004) also said that a robot can be defined as a device that can execute automated tasks, either with the influence of direct human control, or a set of general

Social And Religious Changes Influenced By The Black Death

Were Major Social/Religious Changes Influenced by the Black Death? In the Later Middle Ages, from 1300 to 1450, a plague is seen spreading and killing mass amounts of people in Europe, this plague would later be named the Black Death. Starting in China in 1331 and then spreading to Europe by cargo ships in 1347. During the Later Middle Ages the climate also changed, dropping temperatures, killing crops, and freezing water supplies. During this period there were also multiple crisis that began to pop up, and not many can be attributed to the Black Death. One must take each event and look for causation case-by-case, rather than labeling all with the same brush stroke. Digging a little deeper, it is seen that the peasants’ revolts were in fact influenced by the Black Death. In â€Å"A History of Western Society† it is made clear that people were weak and sickly even before the Black Death infected them. â€Å"People were already weakened by famine, standards of pers onal hygiene remained frightfully low, and the urban populace was crowded together. Fleas and body lice were universal affections.† (History, 326). When people are already weak from starvation and sickness, then the Black Death arrives, people tend to fight for life. It is known that a number of peasants’ revolts took place, and one of these is recorded by an unknown monk in 1381. The source document called â€Å"The Anonimalle Chronicle: The English Peasants’ Revolt†. It delves into the issues around labor shortageShow MoreRelatedSocial And Religious Changes Influenced By The Black Death853 Words   |  4 PagesDid Major Social/Religious Changes Influenced by the Black Death? In the Later Middle Ages, from 1300 to 1450, a plague is seen spreading and killing mass amounts of people in Europe, this plague would later be named the Black Death. Starting in China in 1331 and then spreading to Europe by cargo ships in 1347. During the Later Middle Ages the climate also changed, dropping the temperature, killing crops, and freezing water supplies. During this period there were also multiple crisis that beganRead MoreThe Black Death : A Disastrous Mortal Disease And Spread Across Europe1373 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Death, so named by later historians, was a disastrous mortal disease and spread across Europe in the years 1347~1352(Hunt 416). The Black Death, now known as plague, is caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis. When humans are bitten by a rodent flea, humans usually get the plaque (Plague Homepage | CDC). Nowadays, the plague can be treated by antibiotics easily. However, in the middle of the 14th century, no one knew what caused the disease , and how the disease was transmitted to othersRead MoreThe Reformation Of Henry VIII And The Protestant Reformation1177 Words   |  5 Pagessignificance over the others. To fully explore the causes of the reformations in England it is necessary to consider the position of Henry VIII, legitimate dissatisfaction many English people held with the Roman Catholic church, and other social factors. Henry VIII largely influenced the reformations in England. One of the Kings main reasons for pushing for a Protestant England came from the fact that he wished to separate from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Henry was aware that divorce was out of theRead MoreThe Black Death Ravaged Europe And Its Inhabitants1588 Words   |  7 PagesFrom 1347 to about 1352, the Black Death ravaged Europe and its inhabitants. While this devastating plague caused an exorbitant loss of life and a great deal of emotional suffering, it did lead to some major social changes in Europe that changed the course of history. The Black Death transformed the consciousness of the surviving populous of medieval Europe in a way no other event that has occurred before or since could. This transformed psyche created the catalyst that expedited the transformationRead MoreLooking Back at the Middle Ages1485 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical, social, religious and economic events, which have shaped history since tha t time, and the world today. One such event that has affected the politics of the Middle Ages and now was the signing of the Magna Carta. Secondly, was the Black Death (also known as the Bubonic Plague that affected the religious, social, and economic aspects. An event that affected the religious and economic aspects were the Crusades. There was also the rise of the Ottoman Empire which affected the social, politicalRead MoreEurope and the Black Death Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesChaos struck all-over Europe in the 14th century; no social class or individual was immune from this mysterious disaster. Historians estimated that this unidentifiable disease killed â€Å"more than 20 million people in Europe–almost one-third of the continent’s population,† by the 1350’s (Black Death). Now in today’s society scientists classify the unidentifiable disease as the bubonic plague, also referred to as the Black Death. During fourteenth century European-soci ety, there was no logical medicalRead MoreWitch Craze Dbq Ap Euro Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagespracticed black magic and performed evil deeds, the deeds of the devil. This all happened during a time of great change in Europe, during the time of the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, and the consolidation of national governments. They were persecuted for a variety of reasons, but three major ones were religious reasons, social prejudices, and the economic greed of the people. Religious leaders such as Martin Luther and John Calvin influenced the ideasRead MoreMy Psychoanalytic Views of Two Short Stories1454 Words   |  6 PagesPsychoanalytic Literary Criticism refers to literary criticism or literary theory which, in method, concept, or form, is influenced by the tradition of psychoanalysis begun by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalytic literary criticism is a very common method of analyzing stories such as The White Heron by Sarah Orne Jewett, Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Masque of the Red Death by Edgar Allen Poe. Sylvia, a shy girl, who is rather naive and innocent. For most of her life has been shelteredRead MoreThe Kingdom Of Matthias By Paul E. Johnson And Sean Wilentz Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesan ex-slave who changed her name from Isabella and gave her famous Ain’t I a Woman speech regarding abolition and women’s rights. But before her speech, Truth actively participated in a religious cult and faced a murder charge. Authors Paul E. Johnson and Sean Wilentz provide a descriptive account of the religious cult in their book The Kingdom of Matthias: A Story of Sex and Salvation in 19th-century America. Their book follows the life of Robert Matthews and the events of his life leading up toRead MoreThe Progressive And Traditional Forms Of Society1086 Words   |  5 Pagescritical to the overall growth and development of a society, the ideologies were substantially opposing in numerous ways. From the rate of speed for both social and technological evolution, how power was established and distributed, the methods that income was earned and viewed, the significance and role of religion in personal lives and also the social and economic structural differences, the two ideologies were dramatically opposing. However, it was these various differences that were the driving forces

Global Value Chain Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Global Value Chain Analysis. Answer: Introduction The process of the value chain is termed as the process of the firms, which are seen to be functioning on in a particular industry and the different types of the value of the processes of the activities, which are seen to be delivered by the firm for a particular product or service. The main aspect of the value chain of the organization is seen to be based on the several types of the consideration of the processes of the organizations, The main idea is seen in terms of the manufacturing organizations which is further seen to compose of the several subsections of the inputs, transformation processes and outputs. The essay is aimed to show the critical aspects of the several important components of the value chain of the organization. The various types of the important consideration made for the assignment has been seen to be made in the different types of the components of the study such as in understanding of managing the value chain changed as you progressed through the subject. Som e of the other components of the study have been observed in terms of the increased awareness of the importance of managing the value chain. The study has been further shown with the various types o tjh different types of the aspect of the study has been further able to state on the rationale of the such values. The main consideration has been shown with the different types of the participation of the users of the data. The essay is able to identify the number of group activities and discussions. In several other aspects, the study is bale to define on how these views have influenced my views and knowledge on managing the value chain. The different aspect of the study has been further been incorporated into o the application of the same in the workplace. The essay has been also able to consider the other aspects you have reflected on that are not included above, in case it exists (Gereffi and Fernandez-Stark 2016). Discussion The various types of the aspects of the value chain of the subject has helped me to learn the various activities related to the Inbound Logistics, Operations of the organization, Outbound Logistics, Marketing and Sales and the various types of the services. The value chain has been able to provide me the guidance related to how the organization are seen to maintaining the different type of the operation which are seen to be related to the inbound movement of materials, and the movement of the inventory from the suppliers and the manufacturing. The different types of the consideration stated in the value chain analysis have been further studied by the observation of the process that converts inputs into outputs (Holweg and Helo 2014). This has been seen in the forms of raw materials, labor, and energy and converting the same in form of goods and/or services. The various types of the other aspect of the study have been also able to state the process related to the storage of the materi als. The incorporation of the study in the workplace has been able to state the various types of the information has been able to state on the flow of the material and the relation of the same in terms of the related information flows from the end of the production line to the end user. Hence, the learning aspects from the value chain for the study have been able to show the various types of the process for the outbound logistics. The application of the important aspects of the value chain has been able to state how the storage of the materials is stacked in rack and bins. The various types of the other aspect of the study has been further able to state on the different types of the other aspect of the study which is able to state on the concepts of selling a product or service and processes (Heuer et al. 2015). The different aspects of the selling process has been further seen in terms of the consideration of the different types of the process which are seen toe be related to the d elivery of the products, exchanging offering, creating innovations in terms of the delivery, society and partners. The various types of the other aspects of the study has been further seen to be applicable in form of the sales and the distribution strategies which are seen toe b directly applicable in the processes of the various types of the advertising strategies of the business. The various types of the services of the organizations have been further identified in terms of the various types of the support activities related to the activities (Antrs and Chor 2013). The important learning objectives learned in this subject created an increased awareness of the importance of managing the value chain has been depicted in form of the various types of the other aspects of the study. Some of the important learning from the study has been able to be drawn from the support activities. The various types of the support activities have been further inferred in from of the Infrastructure, Technological Development, Human Resources Management and the Procurement. The important consideration for the infrastructure has helped me in learning about the activities like public relations, quality assurance, accounting, legal, finance, control and strategic management. The important learning aspect from the study has been shown in form several types of the technical developments such as equipment, hardware, software, procedures and the knowledge required behind the transformation of the inputs into outputs (Hollensen 2015). The various types of the learning activities which have been gained from participating in the groups has been seen in form of the activities comprising in recruiting, hiring, training, developing and compensating. In several types of the other contexts of the study, the necessary learning has been depicted in form of the acquisition of the goods and services from an outside external source. Some of other aspects of the learning aspects of the study has been able to be drawn from the Physical/traditional value chain and Virtual value chain. The physical performers have been seen to enhance the various types of the developments of the products or the service. Some of these activities has been seen to be evolve with time. Some of the significant learning can be further depicted in from the different assumptions made through the study, which has been able to highlight computer-based business-aided systems to the modern world assumptions. The various types of the other learning based on t he study has been able to suggest on the Cross border / cross region value chains. In several types of the different aspects of the study, it has been seen that the multinational enterprises is seen with the major amount of the development in form of the critical support to the remaining home activities (Chain et al. 2014). The application of the study in the workplace has been further identified in terms Global value chains (GVCs). The industries are identified to implement the value chain process to improve their efficiency. It has been further seen in terms of the optimization of the multinational enterprises, profits and the research development process. In several types of the retail industries, the main development has been seen n term so the application of the value chain techniques in terms of the marketing and branding activities. In different types of the other countries for the application of the value chain analysis has been further identified in term of the multinational enterprises off shoring labor-intensive activities to the different parts of the country. The important consideration of the other types of the activities has been also seen in terms of application of the other aspects of the accelerating the change in the landscape of international trade and investment in areas where cost of labor is observed to be the lowest (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Other aspects of the study has been able to reflected on that sector of the industry which needs a considerable boost in term of the boost for the efficiency in terms of the Inbound Logistics, Operations of the organization, Outbound Logistics, Marketing and Sales and the various types of the services. Conclusion The important consideration from the study has been able to highlight on the important information, which is seen to be related to the important consideration of the data, which has been able to state on the elements of the study related to the value chain. The essay has been able to state on the individual aspects of value chain such as Inbound Logistics, Operations of the organization, Outbound Logistics, Marketing and Sales and the various types of the services. The reflective learning process has been also discerned in form of the outcomes observed from the participation in groups. This has been seen in term of the activities comprising in recruiting, hiring, training, developing and compensating. In several types of the other contexts of the study, the necessary learning has been depicted in form of the acquisition of the goods and services from an outside external source. Reference List Antrs, P. and Chor, D., 2013. Organizing the global value chain.Econometrica,81(6), pp.2127-2204. CHAIN, I.V., BOLAND, G.W. and DUSZAK JR, R.I.C.H.A.R.D., 2014. Delivery of appropriateness, quality, safety, efficiency and patient satisfaction. Gereffi, G. and Fernandez-Stark, K., 2016. Global value chain analysis: a primer. Heuer, H., Schulze, M., Pooch, M., Gbler, S., Nocke, A., Bardl, G., Cherif, C., Klein, M., Kupke, R., Vetter, R. and Lenz, F., 2015. Review on quality assurance along the CFRP value chainnon-destructive testing of fabrics, preforms and CFRP by HF radio wave techniques.Composites Part B: Engineering,77, pp.494-501. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Holweg, M. and Helo, P., 2014. Defining value chain architectures: Linking strategic value creation to operational supply chain design.International Journal of Production Economics,147, pp.230-238. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning.

Punjabi Cuisine free essay sample

Punjabi Cuisine GROUP I| NAME ROLL NO. Anvita Argade 1 Richa Arora 2 Sumit Bansode 3 Navya Bavot 4 Sarvesh Belekar 5 Jagruti Maru 6 Index North Indian Cuisine North Indian cuisine (Hindi: , Uttar Bharatiya Vyanjan), part of Indian cuisine, is a term used to refer to the cuisines found in Northern India which includes the Indian states: Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand (Kumaon) and West-Central Uttar Pradesh (Awadh and Braj). This is also major cuisine in the Eastern regions like Eastern Uttar Pradesh (Purvanchal), Bihar and Jharkhand as well as Central regions like Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. North Indian cuisine includes: * Bihari cuisine * Punjabi cuisine * Mughlai cuisine * Cuisine of Kashmir * Awadhi cuisine * Kumauni cuisine * Rajasthani cuisine * Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh India has rich and varied culinary traditions, many deeply enmeshed with spiritual traditions that are thousands of years old. Other culinary styles arrived throughout Indias long history with those who wandered into the land from afar and settled here and there, as well as with those who invaded its territories, subjugating native populations. Still others have been shaped by the natural forces of climate and geography. These many culinary styles can be generally divided into four regional cuisines, with north Indian flavors and style standing out distinctly from the rest. The northern part of India is said to be part of the India in which the influence of the early light-skinned Aryan invaders can still be seen, in the cuisine, culture, and language. This is the part of the world in which Sanskrit is believed to have evolved. North Indian cuisine encompasses the culinary traditions of the various northern countries, including Punjabi, Awadh, Kashmiri, Marwari, Rajasthani, Gharwal, and Pahari. Due to climate and growing conditions, wheat plays a stronger role in northern Indian cuisine than in other areas of the country. Also Tandoori cuisine comes from the north. Spices are an essential element to Indian cuisine, and they employ some of the most aromatic and beautiful spices on earth. Historically, however, in addition to adding delectable flavors and attractive aromas, the spices were chosen for their food preservation and medicinal properties. While many spices are common throughout most Indian cuisines, the methods and ratios of usage differ in each region, with some spices being much more common in some areas and other flavors being more specific. North Indian cooks tend to use their spices in freshly ground powder form. Chili peppers are common to Indian cuisine, and in the north, the Degchi Mirchi, or Kashmiri chili pepper are especially popular. Ground red chili powder is important northern Indian flavor, as is turmeric, sweet bay or laurel leaves, cumin, black and green cardamom, coriander, cassia tree bark for which cinnamon is often substituted cloves, saffron, nutmeg, black and yellow mustard seeds, fennel, asafetida, curry leaves, fenugreek, tamarind, fresh cilantro leaves, and mint. Garam masala is a spice mixture used extensively in northern Indian cuisine. This is a blend of spices, which is loosely built upon a set of common spices, but varies widely from region to region, even from family to family. In the north, a basic garam masala would consist of raw cardamom seeds, cinnamon, cloves, and black pepper. Ghee, or clarified butter, is particularly important to the flavor of northern cuisine. Flat breads of various types, including chapattis, roti, puri, different types of parantha, and tandoori baked breads like nan are a part of most north Indian meals. Showing the religious influence of the Vaishnava Hindus, the northern states Uttar Pradesh in particular have created some of the finest vegetarian cuisine in the world, built upon a wide variety of pulses, or legumes and fragrant Basmati rice. North Indian flavors have become an important part of international cuisine, spreading through the worlds metropolitan centers and into the food cultures of many countries. Beloved especially for its specialized tandoori dishes and vegetarian creations, North Indian cuisine continues to expand and flourish globally. Food in Ancient India basically reflects the cultural evolution of Indian civilisation from ancient past. Food in Ancient India can be divided into various ages that include food in prehistoric India and Indus Valley civilisation, food in Vedic period, Food in Maurya period, food in Gupta period, food in post Gupta period which marked some difference with the advent of the Gujjars and Hunas. With the migration of outsiders in India changes were found within the food Habits of India. Food in Pre -Historic India Food in Ancient India mainly depended on the fruits, nuts, tubers and flesh of the animals. As India in pre historic days was largely inhabited by the Negroid race, this race mainly depended on fruits, nuts, tubers and the flesh of animals that he hunted and killed. With the Proto- Australoids people in ancient India moved a step ahead when they now produced new food items along with fruits and nuts. This brought the list of fruits and vegetables that was now being cultivated by the Indian Proto- Australoids for their self consumption. This helped the pre historic man to move a step forward in farming and learn the science of cultivation. Food in Vedic period Food in Ancient India developed considerably within the Indus Valley Civilisation which brought the use of wheat, barley, sesamum and brassica. Along with this man had learned to tame he buffaloes, goats and sheep which became useful for cultivation. Slowly and gradually this period marked the progress of man more towards civilized world with more scientific lifestyle. Food in Vedic Period Food in Ancient India faced remarkable changes during the Vedic Period which not only introduced new food items but also rules and etiquettes while taking the meal of the day. This also introduced division of meals during the day. The food in Vedic period is largely divided into the food of the Aryans and Dravidians which later on got divided into north and south India. Their food items as well as habits have been illustrated in the sutras and Vedas of the period which are the earliest literature of ancient India. Food in Maurya Period Food in Ancient India that was adopted during the Maurya period has been extensively discussed by Kautilya. He defines the specifications of an ideal kitchen and a proper diet of the Raja in Maurya Empire which was largely followed as a convention by almost all the people living in Maurya Empire. While this also sets a number of special food items and food etiquettes, this at the same time describes the culture of ancient India. Food in Gupta period Food in Ancient India which was adopted by the Gupta Empire was mainly influenced by Buddhism and Jainism which made a lot of changes in the culture of ancient India. Thus the food of ancient India has been marked with lot of changes from time to time that reflect the culture of assimilation within Indian culture. This got boosted with the advent of foreigners from outside India. The advent of Gujjars and Hunas did introduce a number of food items which remained inherent in ancient Indian culture. Geographical and cultural influence on the region’s cuisine North India has extreme climates – summers are hot and winters are cold. There is an abundance of fresh seasonal fruit and vegetable to be had. Its geographical position with relation to the rest of the Sub-continent means that this region of the country has had strong Central Asian influences both in its culture and its food. Mughlai and Kashmiri styles of cooking are not just prevalent, they are also popular. Style of food North Indian curries usually have thick, moderately spicy and creamy gravies. The use of dried fruits and nuts is fairly common even in everyday foods. Dairy products like milk, cream, cottage cheese, ghee (clarified butter) and yoghurt play an important role in the cooking of both savory and sweet dishes. Thanks to the fact that such a rich variety of fruit and vegetable is available at all times of the year, the region produces a dazzling array of vegetarian dishes. Staple foods North Indians seem to prefer Indian breads over rice, if the rich variety is anything to go by. This region is home to the tandoori roti and naans (bread made in a clay tandoor oven), stuffed parathas (flaky Indian bread with different kinds of vegetarian and non-vegetarian fillings) and kulchas (bread made from fermented dough). Rice is also popular and made into elaborate biryanis and pulaos (pilafs). Cooking oils commonly used Vegetable oils like sunflower and canola. Mustard oil is rarely used and only in some states of the region. Ghee is normally reserved for special occasion cooking. Important spices and ingredients Coriander, Cumin, Dry red chillies, turmeric, Chilli powder, Cardamom, Cinnamon, Cloves, Garam Masala, Aniseed/Fennel, etc. Popular dishes Mutter Paneer (a curry made with cottage cheese and peas), Biryani, Pulaos, Daal Makhani, Dahi Gosht, Butter Chicken, Chicken Tikka, Fish Amritsari, Samosas (snack with a pastry case with different kinds of fillings), Chaat (hot-sweet-sour snack made with potato, chick peas and tangy chutneys), Motichoor laddoo. MUGHAL INFLUENCE ON NORTH INDIAN CUISINE The cuisine of India is as vast as its people. Each and every ethnic group has its own distinctive food preferences along with their different culture. India has witnessed several invasions from Arab, Central Asia, the Mughal Empire and Persia in its early days. These invasions had a great influence on Indian cooking. The Muslims from western Asia brought the Mughlai cuisines to India in the 12th century when Mughal rulers conquered a large portion of India. During the Mughal dynasty, these dishes were prepared for the Mughal Emperors for elegant dining with dry fruits and nuts. The hospitality of sharing of food with others in Mughal courtly society helped India to absorb it as its own while making Indian cuisine to stand apart with pride. The Mughals brought their rich, aromatic food culture in India and is now an important part of the Indian culinary culture. Quite ideally therefore, apart from giving the greatest architectural monuments, the Mughals have also changed the country`s cooking by merging Middle Eastern cuisine with Indian spices and ingredients to give the most beautiful Mughlai cuisine. The Mughal influence on Indian food is immense. Mughlai cuisine is one of the most richest, popular and lavish cuisines in the country. These are pretty spicy and have unique fragrance. The cooking method includes lots of milk and cream with exotic spices, nuts and dried fruits to make it rich and spicy. Biryani, Korma, Palau and Pasendi are some of the famous Mughlai cuisine. The Mughal influence on Indian food supported the evolution of Indian food to a great extent. The Mughlai cuisine full of rich gravies, pilafs and non-vegetarian foods such as kebabs, along with the fruits like apricots, peaches, plums and melons contoured the structure of the Indian food while offering it a distinct dimension. Each of the Muslim rulers offered something or the other to make Indian food the potpourri of spice, taste, tang and flavour. When Babur invaded India he brought his stylish food habits such as grilled meats along with different varieties of fruits and nuts from Central Asia. His son Humayun continued this tradition and also introduced a new tradition of rice-based pilaus and using of fruits and nuts in the meat stews in India. Marriages of Mughal rulers to several Rajput princesses added a new dimension to the Mughal cuisines. The reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan, marked the evolvement of bountiful dishes in Indian cuisine. In the meantime, the Nizams of Hyderabad developed Biryani as their own style of cooking, which is now considered as one of the main dishes in India. Apart from the introduction of new dishes, the influence of Mughlai cuisine on Indian food also presented the novel idea of using aromatic spices in cooking. Mughlai food is quite spicy. The spices used in this preparation are easily accessible. These dishes are specially preferred in Delhi, Lucknow in the North and Hyderabad in the South. These have the strong influence of Muslim cooking style along with their Muslim names. The saga of Mughlai dish is still continuing. It still remains as one of the most important part in Indian culinary style. Although, Mughlai cuisines are available in all parts of the country, but Delhi is the best place for this royal cuisine. In this present scenario, the Mughlai influence on Indian food reflects the local cooking styles in it. The cuisines available in Delhi and Lucknow are the combination of Indo-Persian style by the addition of typical North Indian spices like cumin, coriander, cardamom, cinnamon, turmeric and ground chilies; whereas in Hyderabad, curry leaves, hot chilies, mustard seeds, tamarind and coconut milk are added to these cuisines to give them a local flavour. Due to the flavored sauces and butter based curries in the Mughlai cuisine, they are very much popular among the food lovers. Mughlai food offers tempting and delicious variety of food such as kulfi with rose petals sprinkled on it, hot spicy soup and ginger based roasted meats. People in India are crazy about Mughlai cuisines. Some of the popular Mughlai dishes are, Aloo Ka Raita, Carrot and Capsicum Raita, Badaam Halwa, Chicken Korma, Chaamp Masala or Lamb Chops Curry, Chole or Chane, Kesar Chawal, Chicken Tikka, Jhinga Malai Curry or Creamy Prawn Curry, Naan a type of Indian Bread, Palak Gosht, Palak Paneer, Seekh Kebabs, Tandoori Chicken Legs or Grilled Chicken Drumsticks and the most favourite dish Biryani. The Mughals have left a great influence and occupies a strong place in the cuisine of India, especially in the Northern parts of the country. Punjabi cuisine Punjabi cuisine (Punjabi: , Urdu: punjabi pakawan) is food from the Punjab region of northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. It can be non-vegetarian or completely vegetarian. One of the main features of Punjabi cuisine is its diverse range of dishes. Home cooked and restaurant Punjabi cuisine can vary significantly, with restaurant style using large amounts of ghee, clarified butter, with liberal amounts of butter and cream with home cooking concentrating on mainly upon preparations with Whole Wheat, rice and other ingredients flavored with masala. Roh Di Kheer, is cooked using rice. Rice is cooked for a long time in sugar cane juice. Within the area itself, there are different preferences. People in the area of Amritsar prefer stuffed parathas and milk products. In fact, the area is well known for quality of its milk products. There are certain dishes which are exclusive to Punjab, such as Mah Di Dal and Saron Da Saag. The food is tailor-made for the Punjabi lifestyle in which most of the rural folk burn up a lot of calories while working in the fields. The main masala in a Punjabi dish consists of onion, garlic and ginger. Tandoori food is a Punjabi speciality especially for non-vegetarian dishes. Many of the most popular elements of Anglo-Indian cuisine such as Tandoor, Naan, Pakoras and vegetable dishes with paneer derive from the Punjab. Punjabi cuisine can be non-vegetarian or completely vegetarian. One of the main features of Punjabi cuisine is its diverse range of dishes. Home cooked and restaurant Punjabi cuisine can vary significantly, with restaurant style using large amounts of ghee, with liberal amounts of butter and cream with home cooked concentrating on mainly upon preparations with whole wheat, rice and other ingredients flavored with masalas. Within the area itself, there are different preferences. People in the area of Amritsar prefer stuffed parathas and dairy products, of which the area is well-known for. There are certain dishes which are exclusive to Punjab, such as Mah Di Dal and Saron Da Saag. The food is tailor-made for the Punjabi lifestyle in which most of the rural folk burn up a lot of calories while working in the fields. The main masala in a Punjabi dish consists of onion, garlic and ginger. Tandoori food is a Punjabi speciality especially for non-vegetarian dishes. Many of the most popular elements of Anglo-Indian cuisine – such as Tandoor, Naan, Pakoras and vegetable dishes with paneer – derive from the Punjab. The name Punjab means land of five rivers, and literally translates from Persian into the words Panj, related to Sanskrit Panca, meaning five, and Ab ,related to Sanskrit Ap, meaning water respectively. The rivers are the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas. The five rivers, now divided between India and Pakistan, merge to form the Panjnad, which joins the Indus. Agriculture is the largest industry in Punjab. Bhangra is one of the many Punjabi musical art forms. Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Punjabi people. Punjabi cuisine can be non-vegetarian or completely vegetarian. The main masala in a Punjabi dish consists of onion, garlic and ginger and usually mildly spiced. Tandoori food is a Punjabi specialty especially for non-veg dishes. The cuisine of Punjab has an enormous variety of mouth-watering vegetarian as well as non vegetarian dishes. The spice content ranges from minimal to pleasant to high. Punjabi food is usually relished by people of all communities. In Punjab, home cooking differs from the restaurant cooking style. At the restaurants, the chefs make a liberal use of desi ghee, butter and cream to make the food lip smacking and finger licking. On the other hand, at home, people prefer using sunflower oil or some other refined oil for cooking, with the basic idea of making the food low in fat content. Wheat is the staple food of Punjabis; however, they do enjoy eating rice on festivities and other special occasions. When it comes to food, each region in Punjab has an entirely different preference like people in Amritsar are particularly fond of stuffed paranthas and milk products. The philosophy of life for most of the Punjabis is to eat, drink and make merry. They are real lively people who are extremely fond of eating good food. In the preparation of Punjabi food, onion, ginger and garlic are used extensively to enhance the taste of the food. Traditional Punjabi thali consists of varied kinds of breads; some are baked in the tandoor such as tandoori roti, lachha paratha, naan and kulcha, while others are dry baked on tava like chapatti and jowar ki roti. There is another fabulous variety of roti called rumali roti, which is larger in size as compared to the normal one and is also easily absorbable. Also, there are breads that are shallow fried such as parantha and deep fried such as puri and bhatoora. Vegetarian Pulse, bean and / or lentil preparations: * Sarson Da Saag (a dish prepared from green mustard leaves and stem with Makki Roti (bread made by corn flour) * Mushroom Bean Sabzi * Dal makhani (Pulses with butter) * Rajma (Red kidney bean) and Rice * Dal Amritsari * Rongi (Black eyed bean) * Choley (eaten with Naan or Kulcha) Other vegetarian dishes * Kadhi Pakora (Traditional curry with Pakoras) and rice (Kadhi is a type of curry made by cooking gramflour with curd or buttermilk. Fried lumps (Pakoras) of gramflour with salt and chillies are also added. It is eaten with rice. ) * Paneer * Phirni * Jalebi * Malpua * Sheer korma * Pakoras * Samosas Non-Vegetarian * Chicken Tandoori Chicken, Butter Chicken, Chicken Tikka, etc. * Lamb Rogan Josh, Bhuna Ghosht, Kadhai Ghost, Raan Gosht, Dal Gosht, Saag Gosht, Nihari Gosht, Rara Gosht, Paye da Shorba, etc. * Beef Nihari Beef, Beef Pasanda, Kadhai Beef, etc. * Fish These are all freshwater fish dishes like Amritsari Fish, Tandoori Fish, Fish Tikka, Fish Pakora, etc. * Kebabs Various lamb, chicken and beef kebabs. * Biryanis Chicken Biryani and Lamb Biryani. Keema Naan Chicken mince and lamb mince stuffed Naan. * Pickles Lamb Pickle and vegetable Pickle. Bread preparations The Punjabi breads are both flat breads as well as raised breads. The breads may be made of different types of flour and can be made in various ways: 1. Baked in the tandoor like Naan, Tandoori roti, Kulcha, or Lachha Paratha 2. Dry baked on the Tava (Indian griddle) like Phulka or Chapati, jowar ki roti, baajre k i roti and the very famous Makki ki roti (these are also smeared with white Butter) 3. Shallow fried like Paratha, Keema Paratha, Potato or Radish Paratha 4. Deep fried like Puri and Bhatoora (a fermented dough) Naan is also very popular. It is served with most of the dishes made at an Indian restaurant. Food from Punjab, needs no introduction. Have a bite of Makki di Roti with Sarson ka Saag and down it with the famous Punjabi Lassi and one will get the taste of food in this land. Food in Punjab and Haryana is cooked with love. It is rich in butter and ghee and contains lot of spices. | For the Punjabis, the Rotis and Lassi give them the vigor and energy they are noted for. The sarson ka saag and the makke di roti is a good combination. The Punjabis also place a lot of stress on the ginger, garlic, onion and tomato combinations. Most of the vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes are famous for their distinctive tastes. Though rice is sparingly used throughout northern India, Wheat is their staple food. They take wheat in the form of rotis and chappathis. They come in a wide range, which includes parathas, puris, naans, kulchas, rotis and chapathis, and stuffed parathas. Punjabi people are robust people with robust appetites and their food is like the Punjabis themselves, simple, sizeable and hearty with no nnecessary frills or exotic accompaniments. The Punjabi tandoori cooking is celebrated as one of the most popular cuisines throughout the world. Huge earthen ovens are half buried in the ground and heated with a coal fire lit below it. Marinated meat, chicken, fish, paneer, rotis and naans of many types are cooked in this novel oven and the results are absolutely scrumptious! Punjab has imbibed some aspects of its c uisine from external influences. Connoisseurs of the cuisine say that the gravy component of Punjabi cuisine came from the Mughals. The most popular example is the murg makhani. It served the state well to combine this influence in its cooking since it had a lot of pure ghee and butter. Murg makhani also provided a balance to tandoori chicken, which was dry because it was charcoal cooked. Nans and parathas, rotis made of maize flour are typical Punjabi breads. Of course, over the years the roti has been modified to add more variety, so there is the rumali roti, the naan and the laccha parathas, all cooked in the tandoor. Winter, in Punjab, brings in the season of the famous makki ki roti(maize flour bread) and sarson ka saag(mustard leaf gravy). No meal is complete without a serving of lassi( sweet or salted drink made with curd) or fresh curd and white butter which is consumed in large quantities. The other popular dishes, which belong exclusively to Punjab, are ma ki dal, rajma (kidney beans) and stuffed parathas. In a vastly diverse country like India, every region has something typical to offer whether it is in clothes or in food or in its music, dance and art. Punjab, the land of milk and honey, boasts of a robust climate where the agricultural revolution has reaped rich dividends. The land of plenty has a cuisine, which caters to the characteristic needs of the people. Punjabi cuisine is not subtle in its flavor. There are no intricate marinades or exotic sauces but it has full-bodied masalas (spices) cooked with liberal amount of desi ghee (clarified butter) always served with a liberal helping of butter or cream. Milk and its products are an essential part of every day cookery, curd and buttermilk are also an essential concomitant with every Punjabi meal. A predominantly wheat eating people, the Punjabis cook rice only on special occasions. It’s never eaten plain or steamed, for steamed rice implies that somebody is sick. Rice is eaten always with a Bagar (flavoring) of cumin or fried onions with Rajma or Kadhi, Rajma with rice or rice with Kadhi is eaten or holidays or on festive days. In winter rice is cooked with Gur or with peas called matarwale chawal or as a delicacy called Rao Ki Kheer which is rice cooked on very slow fire for hours together with sugar cane juice. In Punjab itself, there are differences in flavors and style. For example, people around Amritsar prefer well-fried stuffed paraunthas and milk sweets. The people of Doaba region eat more of them; in the Malwa region Bajra (ground maize) khitchadi (kedgeree) is a delicacy. There are a course certain dishes, which are part and parcel of Punjab, and their very mention conjures up the rich flavor of the state. Mah ki Dal, Sarson Ka Saag and Makkee Ki Roti, meat curry like Roghan Josh and stuffed paraunthas can be found in no other state except Punjab. The food is suitable for these who burn up a lot of calories while working in the fields and tilling their small acres. For the urban folk, however, eating even one dish is enough because life in the cities is so sedentary. The main masala in a Punjabi dish consists of onion, garlic, ginger and a lot of tomatoes fried in pure ghee. Passion of Punjab on a Platter Sarson Ka Saag Makke Di Roti Punjab is the right place to be if you want to know what culinery delights are. A typical Indian Punjabi meal comprises of Sarson ka saag and makke di roti with a lot of other mouth watering dishes. However sarson ka saag is a world famous delicacy that activates ones taste buds and leaves you asking for more. Sarson ka s aag is a luscious green gravy, made out of mustard seeds. Cooked with masalas and enhanced with oil seasoning, this dish is relished countrywide. Sarson ka saag is often accompanied by Indian bread- Makki ki roti (corn bread). They both compliment and eachother and the roti is presented with a dash of ghee, that makes it a total delight to relish! Have a taste of this delicacy in states like Delhi, Haryana and Punjab. Makki Di Roti Ingredients 2 cups maize flour 1 fistful plain flour 1 tbsp. Oil, salt to taste Method 1. Mix maize flour, oil and salt. 2. Knead in a soft pliable dough, adding very little water at a time. 3. When the dough is very smooth and soft, bread a lump, shape into a ball, flatten and pat with palm, to make a thin roti. 4. Use dry plain flour to help. Or roll with a rollint pin. 5. Place on a heavy iron or earthen griddle and roast till crisp. 6. Repeat on both sides. Repeat for all rotis. 7. Cover and line with napkins to keep warm. 8. Drizzle with ghee or butter if desired. 9. Serve hot with sarson ka saag and slice of onion and lime. Sarson ka saag Ingredients * 1 bunch sarson greens * 1 bunch spinach * 1 onion grated * 1/2 tsp. each ginger garlic grated * 3 green chillies * 1 tbsp. grated cheese or paneer (optional) * 1/2 lemon juice * 2 tbsp. ghee * 1 tbsp. Oil * 1/2 tsp. garam masala * 1 tbsp. maize flour salt to taste Method 1. Chop both greens, wash, drain. 2. Heat oil in the pressure cooker direct. 3. Add both greens, green chillies, stir. 4. Add ginger, garlic, stir. 5. Add few pinches salt, 1 cup water. 6. Pressure cook till done. (2 whistles). 7. Mash well. 8. Heat ghee in a pan, add onion, saute till brown 9. Add all other ingredients, except cheese. 10. Stir well and cook till oil separates 11. Garnish with cheese. 12. Serve hot with makki ki roti, or paratha The festival of Lohri was celebrated on 13th  Jan. The traditional Lohri food  Sarson da Saag and Makki di Roti  is specially cooked for the main course  on  this day along with sweets and other. It tastes better if the Roti and Saag are both piping hot. Choley Bhature Ingredients 400 gms Maida 2 tbsp Oil 100 gms Curd 2 tsp Baking powder 400 gms Soaked Chana 4 Chopped onions 2 Garlic flakes 1 Ginger 1 tsp Garam masala 1 tsp Red chilli powder 1/2 tsp Mango powder 1 tsp Pepper 1 tsp Cinnamon powder Oil for frying Salt to taste Method 1. Mix maida, curd, oil and baking powder. 2. Prepare smooth dough and keep it in a muslin cloth overnight. 3. Grind ginger and garlic to make a paste. 4. - Heat the oil and fry onions till it turns brown. . - Add garam masala, red chilli powder, Cinnamon powder, ginger garlic paste salt to it. 6. - Fry it well. 7. - Add soaked chana and water 8. - Cook it till it turns thick. 9. - Add pepper and mango powder. 10. - Cook it for five minutes. 11. - Chhole is ready. 12. - Roll out thick puris from the dough. 13. - Fry it till both the sides turns brown. 14. - Serve hot. - Tandoor A  tandoor  (Azerbaijani:  T? ndir,  Turkish:  Tand? r,  Arabic:   ,  Punjabi:   ,  Georgian:   ,  Persian:   ,  Hindi:   ,  Urdu:   ,  Bengali:   ,  Armenian:   ) is a cylindrical clay  oven  used in cooking and baking. The tandoor is used for cooking in  Azerbaijan,  India,  Turkey,  Iran,  Armenia,  Georgia,  Pakistan,  Uzbekistan,  Afghanistan, the  Balkans, the  Middle East,  Central Asia  as well as  Burma  and  Bangladesh. The heat for a tandoor was traditionally generated by a  charcoal  fire or  wood  fire, burning within the tandoor itself, thus exposing the food to live-fire,  radiant heat  cooking, and hot-air,  convection  cooking, and smoking by the fat and food juices that drip on to the charcoal. Temperatures in a tandoor can approach 480  °C (900  °F), and it is common for tandoor ovens to remain lit for long periods to maintain the high cooking temperature. The tandoor design is something of a transitional form between a makeshift  earth oven  and the horizontal-plan  masonry oven. The tandoor is used for cooking certain types of  Iranian,  Afghan,  Pakistani  and  Indian  foods such as  tandoori chicken,  chicken tikka  and bread varieties like tandoori  roti  and  naan. The word  tandoori  is the adjective meaning pertaining to the tandoor and is used to describe a dish cooked in a tandoor. The tandoor was popularised during  Muslim  reign in  South Asia. It is thought to have travelled to Central Asia and the Middle East along with the  Romapeople, who originated amongst the Thar Desert tribes. In India, the tandoor is also known by the name of  bhatti. The  Bhatti tribe  of the  Thar Desert  of northwestern India and eastern Pakistan developed the Bhatti in their desert abode, and thus it gained the name. The tandoor is currently a very important fixture in many  Pakistani/Indian restaurants  around the world. Some modern day tandoors use electricity or gas instead of charcoal. Chicken tikka  (Hindi:   ;  Urdu:   ;  murgh tikka) is a South Asian dish made by grilling small pieces of  chicken  which have been  marinated  in  spices  and  yogurt. It is traditionally cooked on skewers in a tandoor and is usually boneless. It is normally served and eaten with a green  coriander  chutney, or used in preparing the curry  chicken tikka masala. Tandoori chicken  is a roasted chicken delicacy that originated in North Western India. It was invented by Kundan Lal Gujral, a  Hindu Punjabi, who ran a restaurant called  Moti Mahal  in  Delhi  in India. The chicken is marinated in a yogurt seasoned with  garam masala,  garlic,  ginger,  cumin,  cayenne pepper, and other spices depending on the recipe. In hot versions of the dish, cayenne, red chili powder, or other spices give the typical red color; in milder versions  food coloring  is used. Turmeric  produces a yellow-orange color. It is traditionally cooked at high temperatures in an earthen oven (i. e. tandoor), but can also be prepared on a traditional grill. In many Indian restaurants, red Tandoori chicken is served with sliced  onions  and wedges of fresh  lemon  or  lime. Indias version of barbecued chicken, Tandoori chicken is one of the most popular  delicacies  stemming from the North of India and has undergone years of development to achieve perfection. Butter Chicken Chicken or murgh makhani is an Indian dish from the Punjab region popular in countries all over the world that have a tradition of Indian restaurants. Preparation Time : 4- 6 hours Cooking Time : 30-40 minutes Servings : 4 Ingredients * 800 grams Chicken * 1 tablespoon Lemon juice * 1 teaspoon Kashmiri red chilli powder * Salt to taste * 2 tablespoons Butter For marinade * 1 cupYogurt * Salt to taste * 1/2 teaspoon Garlic paste * 1/2 teaspoon Garam masala powder * 1/2 teaspoon Kashmiri red chilli powder * 2 tablespoons Ginger paste * 2 tablespoons Lemon juice * 2 tablespoons Mustard oil For Makhani Gravy * 50 grams Butter * 1 tablespoon Ginger paste * chopped 4-5 Green chillies * 1 tablespoon Red chilli powder * Salt to taste * 1/2 teaspoonDry fenugreek leaves (kasuri methi) * 1 tablespoonWhole garam masala * 1 tablespoon Garlic paste * 400 grams Tomato puree * 1/2 teaspoon Garam masala powder * 2 tablespoonsHoney * 1 cup Cream Method Make incisions with a sharp knife on breast and leg pieces of the chicken. Apply a mixture of red chilli powder, lemon juice and salt to the chicken and set aside for half an hour. Hang yogurt in a muslin cloth for fifteen to twenty minutes to remove extra water. Add red chilli powder, salt, ginger-garlic paste, lemon juice, garam masala powder and mustard oil. Apply this marinade to the chicken pieces and refrigerate for three to four hours. Put the chicken onto a skewer and cook in a moderately hot tandoor or a preheated oven (200 °C) for ten to twelve minutes or until almost done. Baste it with butter and cook for another two minutes. Remove and set aside. Heat butter in a pan. Add green cardamoms, cloves, peppercorns and cinnamon. Saute for two minutes, add ginger-garlic paste and chopped green chillies. Cook for two minutes. Add tomato puree, red chilli powder, garam masala powder, salt and one cup of water. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat and simmer for ten minutes. Add sugar or honey and powdered kasoori methi. Add cooked tandoori chicken pieces. Simmer for five minutes and then add fresh cream. Serve hot with naan or parantha. Recipe Tip : Heat kasoori methi in the oven for sometime or broil kasoori methi on a tawa/griddle plate to make it crisp. It can easily be crushed to a powder with your hand. Phirni Ingredients * Rice 1/2 cup * Milk (Full Cream) 1 Litre * Sugar 3/4 Cup Choti Elayich Powder ( Green Cardamom Powder) * Saffron Strands Methods 1. Grind the rice coarsly. ( we do not need a powder) it should be very coarse. 2. Take a thick bottomed sauce pan and heat the milk. 3. Add the ground rice. 4. Stir and cook until the rice pieces become soft. 5. Add the saffron strands in the suace pan. 6. Sprinkle the cardamom powder as well Many Indian restaurants around the globe till late 90s are influenced by North Indian Cuisine. Indian restaurant cuisine has been influenced by Indian chefs who have migrated from North of India Specially Punjabi style restaurants. They created a fusion of the two great cuisines-the local and the Home bought Indian Cuisine by adopting cream sauces in their Indian recipes. North Indian cuisine is distinguished by the proportionally high use of dairy products; milk, paneer, ghee (clarified butter), and yoghurt (yogurt, yoghourt) are all common ingredients. Gravies are typically dairy-based. Other common ingredients include chilies, saffron, and nuts. The Mughal influence has resulted in meat-eating habits among many North Indians. Also, a variety of flours are used to make different types of breads like chapathis. otis, phulkas, puris and naan. North Indian cooking features the use of the tawa (griddle) for baking flat breads like roti and paratha, and tandoor (a large and cylindrical charcoal-fired oven) for baking breads such as naan, and kulcha; main courses like tandoori chicken also cook in the tandoor. Other breads like puri and bhatoora, which are deep fried in oil, are also common. Goat and lamb meats are favored ingredients of many northern Indian recipes. The samosa is a popular North Indian snack, and now commonly found in other parts of India, Central Asia, North America, Britain and the Middle East. A common variety is filled with boiled, fried, or mashed potato. Other fillings include minced meat, cheese (paneer), mushroom (khumbi), and chick pea. The staple food of most of North India is a variety of lentils, vegetables, and roti (wheat based bread). The varieties used and the method of preparation can vary from place to place. Popular snacks, side-dishes and drinks include mirchi bada, buknu, bhujiya, chaat, kachori, imarti, several types of pickles (known as achar), murabba, sharbat, aam panna and aam papad. Popular sweets are known as mithai (means sweetmeat in Hindi), such as gulab jamun, jalebi, peda, petha, rewadi, gajak, bal mithai, singori, kulfi, falooda, khaja, ras malai, gulkand, and several varieties of laddu, barfi and halwa. Some common North Indian Recipes such as the various kebabs and most of the meat dishes originated with Muslims incursions into the country. Considering their shared historic and cultural heritage, Pakistani cuisine and North Indian cuisine are very similar source