Final Study Guide for Livanis Intl 1101

INTL 1101 Final Exam Study Guide Ameri bay windowization Consumerism, unmarriedism Ameri foot products and values ethnic imperialism? Trying to homogenize world? McDonaldization Fast- victuals principles dominant in American and different societies Uni dramatis personae standards Lack of human creativity dehumanization of kind relations Infantilization Benjamin Barber consumed Against ethos of infantilization that sustains world-wide big(p)ism turning of adults into pincerren through dumbed down advertising and consumer goods Targeting children as consumers Homogeneous orbicular products for schoolboyish and wealthy, and for children => soulless and unethical world(prenominal) consumerism in pursuit of profit Cultural homogenization More alike theory of effects of globalization western sandwich culture industry Homogenization of popular culture Can be within western societies (McDonaldization) Market for loyalties Regulation of communications to organize cartels of imaginativeness Domestic broadcast regulation maintains distri more(prenominal)overion of power National personal personal identity reframed to governmental views and cultural attitudes that maintain existing power structure Facilitates prepotency of mavin and only(a) ideology Cultural imperialism World patterns of cultural flow, mirror the agreement of domination in world economic and policy-making order non confined to the west see Mexico, Brazil (Latin America), India (East Asia), Hong Kong, Taiwan (China) Sustainable tuition Long- verge economic growth depends on c atomic number 18ful stewardship of the natural surroundings Environmentalists Liberalization= unequal economic growth, reextractions for debt, competition (race to the bottom), increased pollution, unsustainable consumption of resources, political unrest Free shell out Trade promotes growth and alleviates poverty= environmental benefits Elimination of cover barriers= increased value o f resources Environmental progress is easier to attain under conditions of prosperity Deterritiorlization of devotion Primarily caused by migration The case of Islam Islamic Ummah Re-islamisation as deculturalisation of Islam ( non linked to a particular pristine culture, global Islam) postulate for definition Islam to fit every culture By bridging the gap amid secularism and religiosity, Fundamentalism overstretches religion to the point that it cannot become embedded in real cultureFree handicraft and the environment Technological Change and Disease Transportation Short term travel 940 million tourists Meningitis 70,000 pilgrims to Mecca every yr, secondary pandemics upon decease Expensive sicknesss in create countries and eradicated indispositions in developed countries Medical technologies Greater col dig outation, more nurture BUT, crude technologies can be badly used Ebola in DRC, reliever epidemics in China from unsterilized needles Demographic C hange and Disease existence mobility Conditions that lead tribe to move be the same that favor the matter of infections (poverty, overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, introduce failure) Refugees sanitation, food, healthc atomic number 18 50,000 exsanguinous in a calendar month (Rwanda, 1994) Haiti cholera from Nepal? (4,800 mortalities) Long-term migration Disease to non-immune populations, and transfer of new disease gage interior(a) Eradicated diseases re-introduced Migrant workers in Africa (AIDS epidemics) Urbanization Megacities=megaspread Global economy and disease Global trade IMF/structural adjustments and liberalization reduces the role of governments ( virtuallyly in providing healthcare) Trade in food Change in dietary habits, convergence of tastes need for year-round availability of fresh fruit and vegetables Products from less expensive labor markets, worldwide ingredients and transport Food whitethorn be contaminated insanitary irrigation, pa ckaging practices, storage, non-indigenous crops more susceptible to indigenous pathogens E-coli in Germany 2,800 affected, 26 dead (91 in EU) Mad Cow Disease Environmental change and disease Climate change-global warming Higher ambient air temperature, precipitation/ humidity (mosquitoes) Water supply-dams etc Profound ecological changes that affects disease vectors-most dams associated with increase in malaria deforestation Increases contact in the midst of humankind and pathogens Decreases natural predators of disease vectors Increases in malaria (runoff body of water stagnant in pussys) Loss of biodiversity intertheme jihad and McWorld Dialectical nature one cannot exist without the different Babel retribalization Global jihad against globalization Disneyland Globalizations Jihad and McWorld rent war on the sovereign nation state Indifference to genteel liberty McWorld, focus on consumption and invisible hand for putting green good (rather than democrat ic institutions), repeal government regulations Jihad, bloody politics of identity, animadversion and hatred, paternalism and tribalism Neither global markets nor blood communities service public goods or move equality and justice Future? In the short run Jihad likely to dominate? In the long run McWorld dominates? Convergence of political ideologies? Triumph of liberalism? Convergence of political cultures? Triumph of Western several(prenominal)ism? Or greater divergence and even conflict? Ethnicity High ethnic solidarity uncoerced to redistribute resources within the crowd No master list what differentiates groups in one place may not be important in another Example in Serbia, parking lot language and culture, but religion divides (Hutu and Tutsi) Ethnicity as a tender constructionnot inherently political Ethnic identity Any specific attributes and societal institutions that retain one group of stack culturally different from others Language, religion, geog raphy, customs, history, and others Ascriptionan identity appoint at birth Largely fixed during our lives Clash of civilizations Samuel Huntington The Clash of Civilizations The conterminous world war, if there is one, will be a war between civilizations De-Westernization and indigenization of societies Hinduization of India and Islamic fundamentalism (Iran, Algeria, Egypt, Turkey) The Confucian-Islamic connection Kin-country syndrome (Bosnia, Iraq) Civilizations do not control states states control civilizations interpret the same events as Fukuyama, but made very different conclusions &8212 sketch 7 main cultures (and a possible 8th) equates culture with religion mint who share ethnicity and language but differ in religion may slaughter each other, as happened in Lebanon, the former Yugoslavia, and the Subcontinent. 1. Western 2. Confucian 3. Japanese 4. Islamic 5. Hindu 6. Slavic-Orthodox 7. Latin American 8. Possibly African Why will they clash? Differences are both real and grassroots (fundamental) World smaller due to globalization Nation-state as source of identity grows weaker Fundamentalist religion grows tougher Backlash against West enhances civilization consciousness Cultural differences less easily compromised than political and economic ones (can you be both Catholic and Muslim? ) Economic regionalism is growing Result unable to muster up support for governments based on ideology, turn to religion and civilization identity Environmentalism and the growth south Collectivity Irreducibility Characteristics of environmental issues Complexity Interpenetration, pollution down the road. blase and spatial un acceptedty What will happen in the future, how much is it difference to affect us. Irreducibility Holistic in nature, we cannot approach only one part, we drop to consider them as a whole. Spontaneity Things tend to happen speedy especially in environmental disasters. Collectivity Collective action problems, common pool resources, shirking/free-riding Chinese triad Food shelter All commonwealth at all times have physical and economic approaching to sufficient, self-nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and well-informed keep. (UNs Food and Agriculture Organization) Peak oil, blooming water, peak phosphorus, peak grain, and peak fish grand revolution Problems in beginning of twentieth c not producing generous food to feed expanding population Green Revolution 1950-1984 Development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains Expansion of irrigation infrastructure Hybridized seeds & synthetic fertilizers & Pesticides to farmers in developing countries Transformed agriculture around the human race World bucolic work more than doubled (world grain production increased by 250%) change magnitude fossil give the sack-based energy use inwrought gas (for production of synthetic fertilizers) Oil (for increase of pesticides) Hydrocarbon fuelled irrigation Unsustainable? (Malthusian argument) May not necessarily increase food security (other political causes) Promotion of monocultures, longing vs malnutrition Benefited wealthier farmers at the expense of poorer ones => urban migration Extensive use and abuse of pesticides and fertilizers associated with invalidating health effects (cancer) Land degradation, blot nutrients depletion Earths carrying might No one knows The Future of Food Film watched in class, google if cant remember GMOs Montreal Protocol The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances That wash up the Ozone seam mandated that industrialized countries reduce their production and use of the five most wide used CFCs by 50 percent. Delegates agree to give developing countries a ten-year grace period, allowing them to increase their use of CFCs before taking on commitments Without the Montreal Protocol, global CFC consumption would have reached approximately 3 million dozens in 2010 and 8 million lashings in 2060, resulting in a 50 percent depletion of the ozone layer by 2035 Montreal Protocol currently rings for a manage phaseout of HCFCs by 2030 (does not place any restriction on HFCs) harness Trade Treaty 2003, Control build up Campaign was launched (Control ordnance. org) 2006, Control Arms handed over a global petition called Million Faces to the UN writing table General Kofi Annan 2006 2006, 153 states vote re answer 61/89 requesting the UN Secretary-General to seek the views of segment States (U. S. votes against, national controls better) 2009, UN General Assembly launches a time frame for the negotiation of the Arms Trade Treaty. U. S. osition overturned 2-27 July, 2012 (New York) Currently under final negotiations strike states to have national mechanisms for express authorization of international transfers of arm nullify transfers of blazonry that could violate human rights and international law Treaty disaster unite States said it needed more time to review the short, 11-page conformity text (Obama administration torpedoed the treaty exactly one week later the massacre in Aurora, Colorado) Not to export weapons to countries that are under an arms embargo, or to export weapons that would palliate the commission of genocide, curses against humanity, war crimes or other violations of international humanitarian law. Exports of arms are banned if they will facilitate gender-based military unit or violence against children or be used for transnational organized crime. The sides, now Nearly 120 countries, led by Mexico, issued a joint statement on Monday saying the overwhelming majority of (U. N. ) constituent States agree with us on the necessity and the urgency of adopting a strong Arms Trade Treaty.Our voice must be heard. The five imperishable Security Council members the United States, Britain, France, China and Russia issued their own joint statement of support for a treaty that sets th e highest possible common standards by which states will consecrate the international transfer of conventional arms. Important Points Ammunition. Exports of ammunition are cover in the delineate treaty but not imports. Self-defense. Some major arms-importing states (Middle East), expressed concern that their ability to import weapons could suffer if the treaty comes into force. Exemptions. on that point are a number of scenarios under which arms deals would be clear in the current draft, such as defense cooperation agreements (India) and gifts, loans and leases of weapons. Reporting. Current draft says countries will send reports to the U. N. on their international arms trade but does not call for them to be made public. China, Iran and others do not trust that information disseminated openly. The NRA says the treaty would undermine gun ownership rights under the guerilla Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. MalnourishmentObstacles to cooperation on environmental is sues (regime, actor, general) National Identity National identity is inherently political Defined as a sense of belonging to a nation and a belief in its political aspirations Often, but not always, develops from existing ethnic identity Sense enhancers Common history, territory, culture, economy, rights Why form? Ethnic group may feel oppressed Ethnic group may form a minority population These conditions may call for self-government Boat people Ozone success The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer mandated that industrialized countries reduce their production and use of the five most astray used CFCs by 50 percent. Delegates agree to give developing countries a ten-year grace period, allowing them to increase their use of CFCs before taking on commitments New scientific evidence late 1987 scientists announced that CFCs probably were trusty for the ozone hole 1988, satellite data revealed that stratospheric ozone above the heavily popula ted Yankee Hemisphere had begun to thin Changes in the pattern of economic interests Du Pont announced that they would currently be able to produce CFC substitutes Followed the next year by other large chemical manufacturers, including several in Europe major producers no longer opposed a CFC phase-out Lobbied for extended spiritual rebirth periods and against controls on potential substitutes Particularly hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)a class of CFC substitutes that take in ozone but at a significantly reduced rate. The ozone regime stands as the strongest and most effective global environmental regime. The worldwide consumption of CFCs, which was about(predicate) 1. million tons in 1986, was approximately 100,000 tons in 2010. Without the Montreal Protocol, global CFC consumption would have reached about 3 million tons in 2010 and 8 million tons in 2060, resulting in a 50 percent depletion of the ozone layer by 2035 HCFCs, and HFCs, are now fancy to contribute t o anthropogenic global warming Up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide Montreal Protocol currently calls for a complete phaseout of HCFCs by 2030 (does not place any restriction on HFCs) Restaveks (or stay-withs) 300,000 children in municipal bondage in Haiti Forced Unpaid Overcropping Deplete soil by continuously growing crops on it Overpopulation Carrying capacity Estimates vary widely Inadequate fresh water Depletion of natural resources, especially fossil fuels change magnitude levels of air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination deforestation and liberation of ecosystems Changes in atmospheric composition and consequent global warming Irreversible loss of arable land and increases in desertification Mass species extinctions from reduced habitat in tropical forests due to lash-and-burn techniques (140,000 species lost per year High infant and child mortality. Intensive industrial farming evolution and spread of antibiotic loathsome bacteria diseases Increased chance of the emergence of new epidemics and pandemics. Low manner expectancy in countries with fastest growing populations. Unhygienic living conditions Increased levels of warfare Elevated crime rate Less Personal granting immunity / More Restrictive Laws. Demographic Transition If standard of living and life expectancy increase, family sizes and birth rates decline Later ages of marriage, careers outside child rearing and domestic work, decreased need of children in industrialized settings guide to increased worry about aging populations and decreased worry about future impact of population growth BUT, after a certain level of development the fertility increases again Fertility- fortune hypothesis Food vs. fuel Precision farming Soil erosion dropped, no-till seed planting flatten irrigation, level fields (eliminate runoff) Global positioning efficient harvest, less chemicals Citizenship Citizenship individuals or groups relat ionship to the state swan allegiance to the state State provides benefits People have obligations in return Ethnicity is fixed but citizenship is not Can be changed by individual or state Potentially more inclusive concept than ethnicity or national identity Three (ethnicity, citizenship, national identity) are often machine-accessiblean ethnic group forms the nation, and they represent the citizens of a country patriotism Nationalism as a pride in ones people and belief in sovereign destiny Seek to create or preserve ones own nation (political group) through an strong-minded state Sovereignty is thus key Example Great Britain Governments check out nationality 1707 The United Kingdom came into existence Yet there was no British nation since the people of the English isles were thinking of themselves as English, Welsh, Scots, or Irish. file name extension of the dominant English culture and language through the years created a sense of English identity. During th e 19th century non-English cultures were suffocated. Global fundamentalism Return to handed-down religious values as a reaction to modernity and global culture Restoration of sacred tradition as basis for golf-club Cultural au thusticity vs universalizing global culture Global phenomenon Modern phenomenon Fundamentalism vs globalization or fundamentalism as part of globalization? AIDS Peaked in 2005 with 3. 4 million deaths 35 million infected 14,500 new infections everyday Approximately 8000 deaths daily (3million/year) > 90% new infections in Global southward Global responses Millennium Development Goal 6 Combat human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Government-subsidized antiretroviral medications (Brazil, Argentina etc) Samaritans Purse The importance of Global wellness Partnerships Improving access to medicines Financing health activities BUT, primarily vertical (focus on specific diseases, and development/distribution of medicines) Retroactive does not focus on improving health care systems and primary care Multiplicity of donors and actors not aligned with government priorities International Organized Crime Effort to deed mechanisms of globalization Transportation and communications technology Aided by deregulating Possible through corruption of authorities, unethical practices of individuals and corporations Extremely large cabbage (and high risk) Global cities are main nations of activity (New York, London, Tokyo, etc. ) employ financial services to disguise criminal activities Defy the state, offer agree black market structure Deforestation Increases contact between humans and pathogens Decreases natural predators of diseases vectors Increases in malaria (runoff water stagnant in pools) (mosquitos) Loss of biodiversity Arms Trafficking Lack of international treaty regulating legal arms trade Illegal arms trade Arms fuel conflict and crime $60 billion a year industry Lack of crystal line data UN attempt to crush illicit trade of small arms Cold fight Preoccupation with nuclear arms control atrophied arms were not as widely disseminated End of Cold War Small arms surplus Warsaw Pact/NATO upgrades Difficulty in negotiations? U. S. position Nuclear weapons easier to negotiate Human trafficking Labor trafficking Sex trafficking Victims are primarily women and children Organ trafficking Trafficking of babies and pregnant women Baby farm in Nigeria sell for illegal adoption or for use in ritual witchery Child Soldiers Slavery A slave is a human being forced to work through fraud or threat of violence for no pay beyond subsistence. (Benjamin Skinner) Do you want a romp? Modern slavery More slaves now than ever before in history, 27 million Each year 50,000 children and teenagers enter the US against their will for purposes of sexual slavery (CIA est. ) Over 2 million trafficked slaves forced into prostitution and labor around the world 10 million slaves in southeastward Asia (many through more than one generations) until they pay off their debt 300,000 children in domestic bondage in Haiti Small arms Over half a million people are killed each year with small arms across the world In the United States 34,000 people are killed per year by small arms The cost of small arms on public health, in Latin America at 14% of GDP, 10% of GDP in Brazil, and 25% of GDP in Colombia. Registered homicide rates for Colombia, the United States, Brazil, and Venezuela among males aged 1524 have doubled in the in the end ten yearsMonocultures The agricultural practice of producing or growing a whiz crop or plant species over a wide area and for a large number of consecutive years. It is widely used in modern industrial agriculture and its implementation has allowed for large harvests from minimal labor. Monocultures can lead to the quicker spread of diseases, where a uniform crop is susceptible to a pathogen Sustainable agricul ture http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture Environmental change and conflict http//www. accord. org. za/downloads/ct/ct_2011_2. pdf Environmental security Environmental change is an important source of social conflict Many societies face more dangers from environmental change than from tralatitious military threats Security policies must be redefined to take account of these new realities Only by framing the environmental problem in security terms can the necessary level of governmental attention and social mobilization be ensured Security institutions could contribute directly to environmental protection, apt(p) their financial resources, monitoring and intelligence-gathering capabilities, and scientific and technological expertise Is there enough evidence to support the claim that ecological change is, or will be, a major new source of conflict? Proponents Environmental scarcities are already contributing to violent conflicts in many parts of the develop ing world. These conflicts are probably the early signs of an upsurge of violence in the approach shot decades that will be induced or aggravated by scarcity Opponents Environmental problems are a symptom of conflict-prone social systems rather than a root cause of conflict Are the advantages of linking environmental problems to security concerns expense the risk of militarizing a societys responses to environmental problems? Risks undercutting the globalist and common fate understanding that may be necessary to solve the problem If pollution a national security problem, then pollution by other countries worse than home born It is analytically misleading to think of environmental degradation as a national security threat. Environmental degradation and violence are very different types of threats Organizations that provide protection from violence differ greatly from those in environmental protection Military organizations are secretive, extremely stratified and centralize d, and normally deploy vastly expensive, highly specialized and advanced technologies Is environmental security an idea with more appeal in the North than the confederation? An excuse to continue the Norths longstanding practice of military and economic preventative Focus on the South is a way for the North to track its own responsibility Calls to link the environment with security raise profound suspicions about ulterior motives Concern, contractual environment, capacity da fuk? Fertility opportunity hypothesis Fertility follows perceived economic opportunity Against food aid, and development Transnational organized crime groups Operate above and below the state Create demand Reach to the marginalized, impoverished and other losers of globalization utilization market strategies Hierarchically structured Strategic alliances investing/laundering capital New growth areas (ex. umping toxic waste in developing countries and then negotiating lucrative contracts for the cleanup industry) R&D Modern method of accounting systems, information technologies, insuring against risk Global health partnerships Global food crisis plenty food in the world to feed everyone but 925 million people experience hunger 2/3 of these people are in Asia and the Pacific region Highest concentrations in India, China, DRC, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Ethiopia 5 million children under 5 die of hunger in developing countries Charity may service immediate problem but is no long-term sustainable solution Causes for food crisis 1 Natural disasters Floods, tropical storms, and, especially, long droughts More common and more intense (global warming) Wars Population displacement Famine used as a weapon Fields and water wells mined or contaminated Poverty trap Lack of seed money, land and agricultural education Trapped in poverty by hunger Causes for food crisis 2 Lack of agricultural infrastructure Lack of roads, irrigation systems, warehouses Em phasis on urban development Overexploitation of the environment Poor farming practices Deforestation Overcropping Overgrazing Economic downturns FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Policy and technical care to developing countries for food security, nutrition and agriculture Forum for negotiation of agreements and regard on policies Fukuyama (the end of history) Francis Fukuyama, The End of History The triumph of the Westan unembarrassed victory of economic & political liberalism& the total enervation of viable systematic alternatives to Western liberalism. Liberal democracy will make the world safer Democracies do not go to war against each other Globalization interdependence Great faith in International Organizations uppercase Consensus Critics Environmentalists Marxists Anarco-capitalism Etc.